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2 The sources, metabolism, and primary detection methods of TMAO 2.1 The source of TMAO The human body has the capacity to acquire TMAO from diverse origins, with dietary intake being a prominent source of TMAO in the peripheral blood

ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Metabolic Inflexibility Metabolic flexibility is the capacity of the body to use different energy sources depending on the circumstances and availability of oxygen, substrates, and nutrient cofactors

Once produced, TMA is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver, where it undergoes further oxidation to form TMAO via the enzyme FMO-3 [23, 25]