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Walking 30 to 60 minutes daily provides cardiovascular benefits and supports general metabolism without the recovery demands of intense exercise

Specifically, uncontrolled elevated intracellular lactate concentrations disrupt the NADH/NAD+ ratio, thereby impairing the activity of key glycolytic enzymes, particularly GAPDH due to NAD+ depletion (50,57)

For advanced cases, deep brain stimulation targeting the subthalamic nucleus effectively reduces motor fluctuations by up to 60% (3639), though it carries procedural risks including infection (35%) and cognitive adverse effects (1015%) [266, 267]

doi:10.5530/ijmedph.2024.2.115 2026 The Author(s)