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doi: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0249 534 LiuHWangCSunXZhanCLiZQiuLet al

(3) increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Moreover, these observations suggest that plasma TMAO levels may serve as a pre-chronic disease biomarker to assess the health status of an individual

Similarly, dietary approaches that increase NO precursors or mitigate oxidative stress (such as dietary nitrate, CIT/L-arginine, and antioxidant polyphenols) can improve exercise-induced enhancements in endothelial function and microvascular blood flow, thereby augmenting substrate delivery to trained musculature and enhancing training responsiveness in geriatric populations (81)