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Increases in H 2 S levels could also potentially lead to the persulfidation (sulfhydration) and activation of enzymes such as glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) or glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GPD2) that comprise the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle (G3PS) to increase cytoplasmic NADH redox shuttling (Petrovic et al., 2025)

Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are key drivers of podocyte injury, culminating in energy crises, inflammation, and cell death (51, 52)

Sex differences in the neuropeptide Y system and implications for stress related disorders

doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-44246-3