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Furthermore, with the aging of the global population, the rising prevalence of PD worldwide poses a serious threat to human health and a significant socioeconomic burden in many countries and regions (3, 6)

4B) and ACTA2 (Fig

In a 2023 study published in Bioactive Materials, researchers developed a thermodynamically stable ionic liquid microemulsion system for delivering GHK-Cu topically, demonstrating improved penetration and efficacy compared to traditional creams

The results of the study lead to the formulation of the catecholaldehyde hypothesis, which proposes that the accumulation of DOPAL, a reactive metabolite of dopamine, plays a central role in the degeneration of SNpc neurons in Parkinson's disease