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The constitutive expression of mIDO2 was detected in many organs at the protein and mRNA level (see Supplementary Table S1) and additionally, mIDO2 mRNA was upregulated in dendritic cells and mesenchymal stem cells treated with IFN- [132]

Despite this knowledge, the effect of KD on mitochondrial dynamics and its roles in ameliorating MASLD development are still not well understood

Although rare, mutations in TFR-2 may be the leading cause of hemochromatosis in the Asia Pacific region where the I238M variant of TFR2 (previously reported as a polymorphism) has an allele frequency of 7% [1820]

Mitophagy is critical for cellular homeostasis, as insufficient mitophagy can lead to the release of mitochondrial components, such as mtDNA, into the cytoplasm, triggering inflammation [29]