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SCFAs activate GPCR41/43 to reduce hepatic cholesterol synthesis, inhibit NF-B-mediated inflammation, and enhance endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production ( / mice, SCFAs reduce aortic plaque area by 3040% ( 3.2 Inflammatory activation: LPS and cytokine cascades Gut barrier disruption (reduced occludin, ZO-1 expression) allows LPS translocation, activating TLR4/NF-B signaling in macrophages and endothelial cells ( 3.3 Vascular dysfunction: endothelial injury and oxidative stress Dysbiosis-derived metabolites (TMAO, LPS) and reduced SCFAs impair endothelial function by decreasing NO bioavailability and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) ( 4 Probiotics in atherosclerosis: mechanisms of action Probiotics exert anti-atherosclerotic effects through strain-specific modulation of gut microbiota, metabolic homeostasis, inflammation, and vascular function ( Table 1 )

Concentration and dilution guidelines vary depending on the research design

Recommendation: Xymogen suggests taking one to two capsules 1 to 2 times a day, or as recommended by your healthcare professional

Firstly, the variability in gut microbiota composition among individuals presents a challenge in developing universal treatment strategies