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M1 polarized macrophages accumulate cytosolic citrate stemming from the decreased activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) [50] and the upregulation of the mitochondrial citrate carrier (CIC) [92, 93]

63 In a randomized controlled trial, 51 cochlear implant recipients were given a daily combination of 315 mg magnesium plus 18 mg beta-carotene, 500 mg vitamin C, and 267 mg vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopherol) or placebo orally for 106 days

According to this review, mitochondrial dysfunction in RA is attributed to three pathways, namely mtDNA mutations, oxidative stress, and abnormal energy metabolism

doi: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00105-0 53 MessarahMSaoudiMBoumendjelABoulakoudMSFekiAE