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Species-specific adaptations in representative pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes , Legionella pneumophila , Shigella flexneri , and Chlamydia trachomatis , are analyzed, with a focus on mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming (the alteration of cellular metabolic pathways in response to environmental cues, such as infection or stress, which allows the pathogen to adapt its metabolic state to support survival, replication, and virulence within the host), stress tolerance (refers to a pathogens ability to survive and function under harsh environmental conditions, such as oxidative stress, nutrient scarcity, and antimicrobial exposure), and lifecycle transitions (refer to the changes in a pathogens developmental or replication stages, such as switching from active growth to a dormant or persistent state during infection)

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doi: 10.3390/ijms160715251 91 MaT.DuJ.ZhangY.WangY.WangB.ZhangT